Erick #1
Comments
-
your so dumb suko
1.your dumb
2.never been even close to considered an "okay" player
3.erick has accomplished more in his life than you ever will
4.you say you won multiple drafts which is better than 2nd place usa/ca wcg 2nd in both ccc 3rd in f4f... youve yet to place in top 5 of any tourny in cf.
5.you say ive never been on any good team and that i suck yet you have never even been on a team that can win a scrim against any of the teams i have been on
6.your individual skills are awful you can hardly frag while cheating
7.your teamwork/comms in this game or so sad for a player who has played for what 3 years?
8.you act so cool on the internet... stop building confidence by getting nude pics of asians, wacking off with them on cam, and "dating" them.
9.you have actual downs... "im on so much prescription medicine right nao mang im so ****edd up" your sluring when u talk when ur that high no one likes you.
10.no one would ever want to play with u in cf thats why u have never been in a decent team only troll ones.
11.you pub the game like crazy and you still suck
12.you are 2faced and talk sht about everyone
13.your body is shaped weird your head is the size of your torso thats how small ur torso is not how big ur head is
14.you post pictures of your looks on the internet thinking your all that when it doesnt matter what people look like just as long as you take care of ur self you can get a hot girl by being a gentleman
15. you prolly beat girls irl because you wanna feel more like a man
16.you date asians because you still wanna feel muscular when your out with a girl and have confidence issues about your size
17. just named 16 reasons and prolly 20 more reasons within each reason to why u have downs and why erick is doing so much better in life than you ever will.. now go get drugged up on vikaden -
your so dumb suko
1.your dumb
2.never been even close to considered an "okay" player
3.erick has accomplished more in his life than you ever will
4.you say you won multiple drafts which is better than 2nd place usa/ca wcg 2nd in both ccc 3rd in f4f... youve yet to place in top 5 of any tourny in cf.
5.you say ive never been on any good team and that i suck yet you have never even been on a team that can win a scrim against any of the teams i have been on
6.your individual skills are awful you can hardly frag while cheating
7.your teamwork/comms in this game or so sad for a player who has played for what 3 years?
8.you act so cool on the internet... stop building confidence by getting nude pics of asians, wacking off with them on cam, and "dating" them.
9.you have actual downs... "im on so much prescription medicine right nao mang im so ****edd up" your sluring when u talk when ur that high no one likes you.
10.no one would ever want to play with u in cf thats why u have never been in a decent team only troll ones.
11.you pub the game like crazy and you still suck
12.you are 2faced and talk sht about everyone
13.your body is shaped weird your head is the size of your torso thats how small ur torso is not how big ur head is
14.you post pictures of your looks on the internet thinking your all that when it doesnt matter what people look like just as long as you take care of ur self you can get a hot girl by being a gentleman
15. you prolly beat girls irl because you wanna feel more like a man
16.you date asians because you still wanna feel muscular when your out with a girl and have confidence issues about your size
17. just named 16 reasons and prolly 20 more reasons within each reason to why u have downs and why erick is doing so much better in life than you ever will.. now go get drugged up on vikaden
How long did it take you to type that worthless piece of shiet i will never read?
Wasting your precious alone time Mykl! -
babeimDAVE wrote: »How long did it take you to type that worthless piece of shiet i will never read?
Wasting your precious alone time Mykl!
im wasting my time? your playing a game that you will never be good at and that no one will ever wanna play with you in. quit already -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Part of the Cold War
Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs
Date 17–19 April 1961
Location Bay of Pigs, southern Cuba
Result Cuban government victory
Belligerents
Cuba United States
Cuban exiles
Commanders and leaders
Fidel Castro
José Ramón Fernández
Juan Almeida Bosque
Che Guevara [1][2]
Efigenio Ameijeiras
John F. Kennedy
Richard M. Bissell, Jr.
Pepe San Román
Erneido Oliva
Strength
c. 25,000 army[3]
c. 200,000 militia[3][4]
c. 9,000 armed police[3][4] c. 1,500 ground forces[A]
Casualties and losses
176 killed
c. 4,000 wounded[C] 118 killed[D]
1,202 captured[E]
The Bay of Pigs Invasion, known in Latin America as La Batalla de Girón, was an unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the paramilitary group Brigade 2506 in April 1961. A counter-revolutionary militia trained and funded by the United States government's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the revolutionary leftist government of President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado. Launched from Guatemala, the invading force were defeated by the Cuban armed forces, under the command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro, within three days.
The Cuban Revolution of 1952 to 1959 had seen President Fulgencio Batista, a right-wing ally of the U.S., ousted. He was replaced by a new leftist administration dominated by Castro, which had severed the country's formerly strong links with the U.S. by expropriating their economic assets and developing links with the Soviet Union, with whom the U.S. was then embroiled in the Cold War. The U.S. government of President Dwight D. Eisenhower was concerned at the direction which Castro's government were taking, and in March 1960, Eisenhower allocated $13 million to the CIA in order to plan Castro's overthrow. The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of the Mafia and various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces, training Brigade 2506 in Mexico. Following his victory in the 1960 United States presidential election, John F. Kennedy was informed of the invasion plan and gave his assent to it.
1,400 paramilitaries, divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion, had assembled in Guatemala before setting out for Cuba by boat on April 13. On April 15, eight CIA-supplied B-26 bombers attacked Cuban air fields before returning to the U.S., and on the night of April 16, the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs. Initially overwhelming a local revolutionary militia, the Cuban Army's counter-offensive was then led by Captain José Ramón Fernández, before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation. On April 20, the invaders finally surrendered, with the majority of troops being publicly interrogated and then sent back to the U.S.
The failed invasion strengthened the position of Castro's administration, who proceeded to openly proclaim their intention to adopt socialism and strengthen ties with the Soviet Union, leading to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The invasion was a major embarrassment for U.S. foreign policy, with Kennedy ordering a number of internal investigations. Across much of Latin America, it was celebrated as evidence of the fallibility of U.S. imperialism.
Contents [hide]
1 Background
1.1 Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
1.2 The counter-revolution
1.3 Tensions with the United States
2 Preparation
2.1 Early plans
2.2 Eisenhower's approval
2.3 Training
3 Participants
3.1 U.S. Government personnel
3.2 Cuban government personnel
4 Prior warnings of invasion
5 Prelude to invasion
5.1 Air attacks on airfields (15 April)
5.2 Deception flight (15 April)
5.3 Reactions (15 April)
5.4 Phony war (16 April)
6 Invasion
6.1 Invasion day (17 April)
6.2 Invasion day plus one (D+1) 18 April
6.3 Invasion day plus two (D+2) 19 April
6.4 Invasion day plus three (D+3) 20 April
7 Aftermath
7.1 Casualties
7.2 Prisoners
7.3 Political reaction
8 Later analysis
8.1 Maxwell Taylor survey
8.2 CIA report
8.3 Invasion legacy in Cuba
8.4 Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles
9 Playa Girón today
10 See also
11 Explanatory notes
12 References
12.1 Footnotes
12.2 Bibliography
13 External links
[edit]Background
For centuries a part of the Spanish Empire, in the late 19th century, Cuban nationalist revolutionaries rebelled against Spanish dominance, resulting in three liberation wars: the Ten Years' War (1868–1878), the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). Supportive of the cause of independence and eager to extend their influence in the Caribbean, the United States government proclaimed war on the Spanish Empire, resulting in the Spanish-American War (1898). The U.S. subsequently invaded the island, and forced the Spanish army out. On 20 May 1902, a new independent government proclaimed the foundation of the Republic of Cuba, with U.S. Military governor Leonard Wood handing over control to President Tomás Estrada Palma, a Cuban-born American citizen.[5] Subsequently, large numbers of U.S. settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba, and by 1905, 60% of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans.[6] Between 1906 and 1909, 5000 U.S. Marines were stationed across the island, and returned in 1912, 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs, sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government.[7]
[edit]Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
"Until Castro, the U.S. was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man, sometimes even more important than the Cuban president."
— Earl T. Smith, former American Ambassador to Cuba, during 1960 testimony to the U.S. Senate [8]
In March 1952, a Cuban general and politician, Fulgencio Batista, seized power on the island, proclaiming himself president and deposing the discredited president Carlos Prío Socarrás of the Partido Auténtico. Batista cancelled the planned presidential elections, describing his new system as "disciplined democracy"; although gaining some popular support, many Cubans saw it as the establishment of a one-man dictatorship.[9][10][11][12] Many opponents of the Batista regime took to armed rebellion in an attempt to oust the government, sparking the Cuban Revolution. One of these groups was the National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacional Revolucionaria – MNR), a militant organisation containing largely middle-class members which had been founded by the Professor of Philosophy Rafael García Bárcena.[13][14][15] Another was the Revolutionary Directorate (DR), which had been founded by the Federation of University Students (FEU) President José Antonio Echevarría (1932–1957).[16][17][18] However, the best known of these anti-Batista groups was the "26th of July Movement" (MR-26-7), founded by a lawyer named Fidel Castro. Consisting of both a civil and a military committee, the former conducted political agitation through an underground newspaper while the latter armed and trained recruits to take violent action against Batista. With Castro as the MR-26-7's head, the organization was based upon a clandestine cell system, with each cell containing ten members, none of whom knew the whereabouts or activities of the other cells.[19][20][21]
Between December 1956 and 1959, Castro led a guerilla army against the forces of Batista from his base camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains. The president's repression of revolutionaries had earned him widespread unpopularity, and by 1959, Batista's armies were in retreat across Cuba. On December 31, Batista resigned, and fled into exile, taking with him an amassed fortune of more than US$ 300,000,000.[22][23][24] The presidency fell to Castro's chosen candidate, the lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lleó, while members of the MR-26-7 took control of most positions in the cabinet.[25][26][27] On February 16, 1959, Castro himself took on the role of Prime Minister.[28][29] Dismissing the need for elections, Castro proclaimed the new administration to be an example of direct democracy, in which the Cuban populace could assemble en masse at demonstrations and express their democratic will to him personally.[30] Critics instead condemned the new regime as un-democratic.[31]
[edit]The counter-revolution
Soon after the success of the Cuban Revolution, militant counter-revolutionary groups developed in an attempt to overthrow the new regime. Undertaking armed attacks against government forces, some set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountainous regions, leading to the six-year War against the Bandits. These dissidents were funded and armed by various foreign sources, including the exiled Cuban community, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the Dominican government of General Rafael Trujillo.[32][33][34]:64 No quarter was given during the suppression of the resistance in the Escambray Mountains, where former rebels from the War Against Batista took different sides.[35] On 3 April 1961, a bomb attack on militia barracks in Bayamo killed four militia, and wounded eight more. On 6 April, the Hershey Sugar factory in Matanzas was destroyed by sabotage.[36] On 14 April 1961, guerrillas led by Agapito Rivera fought Cuban government forces near Las Cruces, Montembo, Las Villas, where several government troops were killed and others wounded.[36] Also on 14 April 1961, a Cubana airliner was hijacked and flown to Jacksonville, Florida; resultant confusion then helped discovery of the staged 'defection' of a B-26 and pilot at Miami on 15 April.[37][38]:245
Che Guevara (left) and Castro, photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961.
Castro's government began a crackdown on this opposition movement, arresting hundreds of dissidents.[39][40][41] Although it rejected the methods of physical torture which had been employed by Batista's regime, Castro's government sanctioned the use of psychological torture, subjecting some prisoners to solitary confinement, rough treatment, hunger and threatening behavior.[42] After conservative editors and journalists began expressing hostility towards the government following its leftward turn, the pro-Castro printers' trade union began to harass and disrupt editorial staff. In January 1960 the government proclaimed that each newspaper would be obliged to publish a "clarification" written by the printers' union to the end of any articles which were critical of the government. This would prove to be the start of press censorship in Castro's Cuba.[39][43]
Popular uproar across Cuba demanded that those figures who had been complicit in the widespread torture and killing of civilians be brought to justice. Although he remained a moderating force and tried to prevent the mass reprisal killings of Batistanos advocated by many Cubans, Castro helped to set-up trials of many figures involved in the old regime across the country, resulting in hundreds of executions. Although widely popular in Cuba, critics, in particular from the U.S. press, argued that many of these did not meet the standards of a fair trial, and condemned Cuba's new government as being more interested in vengeance than justice. Castro retaliated strongly against such accusations, proclaiming that "revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts, but on moral conviction". In a show of support for this "revolutionary justice", he organized the first Havana trial to take place before a mass audience of 17,000 at the Sports Palace stadium; when a group of aviators accused of bombing a village were found not guilty, he ordered a retrial in which they were instead found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.[44][45][46] On 11 March 1961, Jesus Carreras and American William Alexander Morgan (a former Castro ally) were executed after a trial.[47][48]
[edit]Tensions with the United States
Castro's Cuban government ordered the country's oil refineries – then controlled by the U.S. corporations Shell, Esso and Standard Oil – to process crude oil purchased from the Soviet Union, but under pressure from the U.S. government, these companies refused. Castro responded by expropriating the refineries and nationalizing them under state control. In retaliation, the U.S. cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most U.S.-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills.[49][50][51] Relations between Cuba and the U.S. were further strained following the explosion and sinking of a French vessel, the Le Coubre, in Havana harbor in March 1960. Carrying weapons purchased from Belgium, the cause of the explosion was never determined, but Castro publicly insinuated that the U.S. government were guilty of sabotage.[52][53][54] On 13 October 1960, the U.S. government then prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba – the exceptions being medicines and certain foodstuffs – marking the start of an economic embargo. In retaliation, the Cuban National Institute for Agrarian Reform took control of 383 private-run businesses on 14 October, and on 25 October a further 166 U.S. companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized, including Coca-Cola and Sears Roebuck.[55][56] On 16 December, the U.S. then ended its import quota of Cuban sugar, the country's primary export.[57]
The U.S. government was becoming increasingly critical of the direction which Castro's revolutionary government was taking Cuba. At an August 1960 meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS) held in Costa Rica, the U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter publicly proclaimed that Castro's regime was "following faithfully the Bolshevik pattern" by instituting a single-party political system, taking governmental control of trade unions, suppressing civil liberties, and removing both the freedom of speech and freedom of the press. He furthermore asserted that international communism was using Cuba as an "operational base" for spreading revolution in the western hemisphere, and called on other OAS members to condemn the Cuban government for its breach of human rights.[58] In turn, Castro lambasted the treatment of black people and the working classes which he had witnessed in New York City, which he lampooned as that "superfree, superdemocratic, superhumane, and supercivilized city." Proclaiming that the American poor were living "in the bowels of the imperialist monster", he attacked the mainstream U.S. media for being controlled by big business.[59]
[edit]Preparation
[edit]Early plans
The idea of overthrowing Castro's administration first emerged within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), an independent civilian intelligence agency of the United States government, in early 1960. Founded in 1947 by the National Security Act, the CIA was "a product of the Cold War", having been designed to counter the espionage activities of the Soviet Union's own national security agency, the KGB. As the perceived threat of "international communism" grew larger, the CIA expanded its activities to undertake covert economic, political and military activities that would advance causes favorourable to U.S. interests.[60] The CIA's Director at the time, Allen Dulles, was responsible for overseeing clandestine operations across the world, and although widely considered an ineffectual administrator, he was popular among his employees, whom he had protected from the accusations of McCarthyism.[61] The man overseeing plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion was Richard M. Bissell, Jr., the CIA's Deputy Director. Putting together a "Special Group" known as the 5412 Committee, he assembled a number of other agents to aid him in the plot, many of whom had worked on the 1954 Guatemalan coup six years before; these included David Philips, Gerald Drecher and E. Howard Hunt.[62]
Bissell placed Drecher in charge of liasing with the anti-Castro segments of the Cuban American community living in the United States, and asked Hunt to fashion a government-in-exile which the CIA would effectively control.[63] Hunt proceeded to travel to Havana, the capital city of Cuba, where he spoke with Cubans from various different backgrounds and discovered a brothel through the Mercedez-Benz agency.[64] Returning to the U.S., he informed the Cuban-Americans whom he was liasing with that they would have to move their base of operations from Florida to Mexico City, because the State Department refused to permit the training of a militia on U.S. soil. Although unhappy with the news, they condeded to the order.[65]
[edit]Eisenhower's approval
President Eisenhower, who first authorized the CIA to plan the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
On 17 March 1960, the CIA put forward their plan for the overthrow of Castro's administration to the US National Security Council (NSC), where it was given the support of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.[66] The stated first objective of the plan was to "bring about the replacement of the Castro regime with one more devoted to the true interests of the Cuban people and more acceptable to the U.S. in such a manner to avoid any appearance of U.S. intervention."[67]
On 18 August 1960, Eisenhower approved a budget of $13 million for the operation. By 31 October 1960, most guerrilla infiltrations and supply drops directed by the CIA into Cuba had failed, and developments of further guerrilla strategies were replaced by plans to mount an initial amphibious assault, with a minimum of 1,500 men. On 18 November 1960, Allen Dulles (CIA Director) and Richard Bissell (CIA Deputy Director for Plans) first briefed President-elect John Kennedy on the outline plans. Having experience in actions such as the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, Dulles was confident that the CIA was capable of overthrowing the Cuban government as led by Prime Minister Fidel Castro since 16 February 1959. On 29 November 1960, President Eisenhower met with the chiefs of the CIA, Defense, State and Treasury departments to discuss the new concept. No objections were expressed, and Eisenhower approved the plans, with the intention of persuading John Kennedy of their merit. On 8 December 1960, Bissell presented outline plans to the "Special Group" while declining to commit details to written records. Further development of the plans continued, and on 4 January 1961 they consisted of an intention to carry out a "lodgement" by 750 men at an undisclosed site in Cuba, supported by considerable air power.[68]:9-19
Meanwhile, in the United States presidential election, 1960, both main candidates, Richard Nixon of the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy of the Democratic Party, campaigned on the issue of Cuba, both taking a hardline stance on Castro.[69] Nixon – who was then Vice President – sent a military aide to Dulles to ask how the planned invasion was progressing; he believed that it was taking too long, considering the swift preparation of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat. Nixon insisted that Kennedy should not be informed of the military plans, which Dulles conceded to.[70]
On 28 January 1961, President Kennedy was briefed, together with all the major departments, on the latest plan (code-named Operation Pluto) that involved 1,000 men to be landed in a ship-borne invasion at Trinidad, Cuba, about 270 km (170 mi) south-east of Havana, at the foothills of the Escambray Mountains in Sancti Spiritus province. Kennedy authorized the active departments to continue, and to report progress.[68]:20 Trinidad had good port facilities, it was closer to many existing counter-revolutionary activities, it had an easily defensible beachhead, and it offered an escape route into the Escambray Mountains. When that scheme was subsequently rejected by the State Department, the CIA went on to propose an alternative plan. On 4 April 1961, President Kennedy then approved the Bay of Pigs plan (also known as Operation Zapata), because it had an airfield that would not need to be extended to handle bomber operations, it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan, and it was less "noisy" militarily, which would make any future denial of direct US involvement more plausible. The invasion landing area was changed to beaches bordering the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) in Las Villas Province, 150 km south-east of Havana, and east of the Zapata peninsula. The landings were to take place at Playa Girón (code-named Blue Beach), Playa Larga (code-named Red Beach), and Caleta Buena Inlet (code-named Green Beach).[34][71][72][73]
In March 1961, the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC), chaired by José Miró Cardona, former Prime Minister of Cuba in January 1959. Cardona became the de facto leader-in-waiting of the intended post-invasion Cuban government.[74]
[edit]Training
In April 1960, the CIA began to recruit anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the Miami area. Until July 1960, assessment and training was carried out on Useppa Island and at various other facilities in South Florida, such as Homestead AFB. Specialist guerrilla training took place at Fort Gulick, Panama and at Fort Clayton, Panama.[37][75]:78 For the increasing ranks of recruits, infantry training was carried out at a CIA-run base (code-named JMTrax) near Retalhuleu in the Sierra Madre on the Pacific coast of Guatemala.[76] The exiles group named themselves Brigade 2506 (Brigada Asalto 2506).[76] In summer 1960, an airfield (code-named JMadd, aka Rayo Base) was constructed near Retalhuleu, Guatemala. Gunnery and flight training of Brigade 2506 aircrews was carried out by personnel from Alabama ANG (Air National Guard), using at least six Douglas B-26 Invaders in the markings of FAG (Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca), legitimate delivery of those to the FAG being delayed by about six months. An additional 26 B-26s were obtained from US military stocks, 'sanitized' at 'Field Three' to obscure their origins, and about 20 of them were converted for offensive operations by removal of defensive armament, standardization of the 'eight-gun nose', addition of underwing drop tanks and rocket racks.[77][78] Paratroop training was at a base nicknamed Garrapatenango, near Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. Training for boat handling and amphibious landings took place at Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. Tank training took place at Fort Knox, Kentucky and Fort Benning, Georgia. Underwater demolition and infiltration training took place at Belle Chase near New Orleans.[73]
The CIA used Douglas C-54 transports to deliver people, supplies, and arms from Florida at night. Curtiss C-46s were also used for transport between Retalhuleu and a CIA base (code-named JMTide, aka Happy Valley) at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. On 9 April 1961, Brigade 2506 personnel, ships, and aircraft started transferring from Guatemala to Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua.[48]
Facilities and limited logistical assistance were provided by the governments of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes in Guatemala, and General Luis Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua. In return, in 1960 the CIA helped to prevent a military coup in Guatemala, and both governments later received military training and equipment, including some of the remaining CIA B-26s. No military personnel or equipment of those nations were directly employed in the conflict[79][78]
In early 1961, Cuba's army possessed Soviet-designed T-34 and IS-2 Stalin tanks, SU-100 self-propelled 'tank destroyers', 122 mm howitzers, other artillery and small arms, plus Italian 105 mm howitzers. The Cuban air force armed inventory included Douglas B-26 Invader light bombers, Hawker Sea Fury fighters, and Lockheed T-33 jets, all remaining from the Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba (FAEC), the Cuban air force of the Batista government.[76]
Anticipating an invasion, Che Guevara stressed the importance of an armed civilian populace, stating "all the Cuban people must become a guerrilla army, each and every Cuban must learn to handle and if necessary use firearms in defense of the nation."[80]
[edit]Participants
[edit]U.S. Government personnel
Recruiting of Cuban exiles in Miami was organized by CIA staff officers E. Howard Hunt and Gerry Droller. Detailed planning, training and military operations were conducted by Jacob Esterline, Colonel Jack Hawkins and Colonel Stanley W. Beerli under the direction of Richard Bissell, and his deputy Tracy Barnes.[73]
[edit]Cuban government personnel
Already, Fidel Castro was known as, and addressed as, the commander-in-chief of Cuban armed forces, with a nominal base at 'Point One' in Havana. In early April 1961, his brother Raúl Castro was assigned command of forces in the east, based in Santiago de Cuba. Che Guevara commanded western forces, based in Pinar del Río. Major Juan Almeida Bosque commanded forces
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